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Submited: 2026-02-25 17:55:14 | Published: 2026-08-24 09:21:11
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3856/vol54-issue4-fulltext-3631
Abstract
Microplastic pollution poses an emerging risk to aquaculture systems and food security. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the most widely farmed freshwater species globally, can be exposed to these particles through water, feed, and aquaculture infrastructure. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the scientific evidence regarding the sources, characteristics, and effects of microplastics in tilapia aquaculture. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed, and a literature search was conducted across Scopus, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate for the period 2016-2025. Following the selection process, 34 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The results demonstrate that microplastics in O. niloticus are widespread globally, having been recorded in natural, aquaculture, and experimental systems. Fibers and fragments, composed mainly of polyethylene, polypropylene, and PET, predominate; these are associated with both external sources (wastewater, urban activities, and textiles) and internal sources (wear and tear of netting, pipes, equipment, and contaminated feed). Most studies document accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, although particles have also been detected in the gills, liver, and muscle, suggesting a potential risk to human health. Furthermore, physiological effects such as digestive disturbances, oxidative stress, and reduced growth have been reported. Overall, the evidence confirms that microplastics are a significant contaminant in tilapia aquaculture and highlights the necessity to implement mitigation strategies and standardize assessment methodologies.
